Citizens Should Not Pay For Healthcare - 2178 Words

Citizens Should Not Pay For Health Care One of the foundations of every just society is the protection of every person’s right to healthcare. This statement underscores the importance of the discourse on whether working citizens ought to pay for healthcare. The debate has been in the limelight since the beginning of the 20th century. Successive governments in the United States have over the years attempted to institute a universal healthcare system for the United States citizenry, but repeatedly the proposals for a free healthcare system in the country has been fought and defeated. In light of this information, this paper seeks to answer the question on why the working citizens in the United States should not pay for healthcare. The paper draws statistical and empirical information in support of this thesis, as well as information that those opposed to the idea put forward. In essence, therefore, this argumentative paper seeks to discredit some of the ideas that the naysayers put forward in their opposition to the i dea of a free healthcare system in the United States while at the same time providing solid arguments on why working citizens should not pay for healthcare. The debate about whether or not the government should pay for healthcare begins earnestly with the understanding of the constitution. Particularly, the constitution provides for the inalienable rights to liberty, happiness, and life. Healthcare provision falls squarely under the right to life and theShow MoreRelatedHealthcare System Is The Organization Of People, Institutions, And Resources Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare system is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. 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Most would think that something so significant to a country’s ability to work properly would be worked out by now especially in the U.S.. Ranked as the 11th healthcare system globally, it seems logical that America should be trying something new, like the idea of universal healthcare, to put us on top. So what is universal healthcare and how could it magically bring the U.S. to the top of the pyramid? In a nutshell, universal healthcare can be described asRead MoreEssay On Healthcare System997 Words   |  4 Pagesextreme difficulties in maintaining a healthcare system that benefits all citizens of the United States. The role of the government to ensure that all citizens receive the best care possible has not yet been fulfilled. There are many issues, in regards to the price, types of coverage and the accessibility to providers. Most providers are not allowing some insurance because of not getting paid from the insurance companies. In the United Kingdom, the healthcare system is a single payer system. ThisRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca ) For All Americans971 Words   |  4 Pagesshort. The affordable care act should â€Å"provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Healthcare). Obama’s new health care plan is forcing all Americans to get health insurance and those who don’t get health insurance will be penalized when filing taxes. The health care reform has now taken full effect on the people of the United States, so we have citizens who are excited about the reform, and we also have citizens who are upset about the reformRead MoreEssay On Healthcare System1274 Words   |  6 Pages The American healthcare system has been a constant failure throughout history. We spend the most on healthcare which is 17.1% of our GDP. Compared to France (11.6%) and the U.K. (8.8%). When calculated it comes to $9,086 per person before inflation. We perceive the problem arising with individual spending for doctor visits, prescriptions, and health insurance we begin to detect the money pile up. To compare it to other countries only those in Switzerland paid $566 more than those in the U.S., but

The Product Distribution Ideal For Whole Foods Market

Win-Win-Win Distribution The product distribution ideal for Whole Foods Market in Namibia will be two. First, the win-win-win distribution will be used when the company is entering the new country for the first place. This distribution channel aims at having all distributors in the supply chain to benefit from the products being distributed. Even though American companies always aim at reducing the links in the supply chain, this happens in the developed countries while this company is opening a new store in a developing country where the distribution channel is expected to change. Therefore, the win-win-win distribution channel works in a way that it benefits the all vendors. With attached financial benefits, the win-win-win situation†¦show more content†¦Therefore, using third-party prospectors will initiate research and production units with the motivation of having a ready high end market for the products (Roy, 2013). Cost-plus pricing The ideal pricing strategy for Whole Foods Market will adopt the cost-plus pricing strategy that takes into account the cost of operations or cost of production plus a constant profit. The organic food market analysis in Namibia indicates that there is a structured market with specific consumer. Organic foods are better produced locally than flown from abroad. Therefore, the cost of producing these foods using the local resources will be expected to reduce the retail cost because local production costs are not equal to abroad production costs (Chris, et al., 2005). Another important pricing strategy ideal for Whole Foods Market is to use psychology of pricing such that the retailer analyses the responses of the market and develop a pricing strategy ideal to that consumer response. However, psychological pricing will depend on the quality of organic foods and consumer services the company is going to offer to its consumers in the foreign market. In return, the consumers are going to r espect and pay for quality and healthy organic foods they receive from Whole Foods Market Company. Since the market for the organic food industry in Namibia is already defined as a niche that caters for the elite and financially advantaged in the society, the company will find it easier to price

Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study Free Essays

string(47) " to school and from school back to their home\." Bicol University College of Education Daraga, Albay Case Study: A Child with Learning Disability Presented to Professor Hennie Pama-Lomibao Associate Professor IV 2nd Sem. S. Y. We will write a custom essay sample on Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2012-2013 Presented by: Rannel B. Buenabajo Carmen B. Barlizo Jessere T. Marco Primerose M. Arevalo Cindy R. Mangampo Introduction A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a person’s brain is â€Å"wired. It also refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, mathematical and motor abilities. There is no one sign that shows a person has a learning disability. Experts look for a noticeable difference between how well a child does in school and how well he or she could do, given his or her intelligence or ability. There are also certain clues that may mean a child has a learning disability. Most of them relates to elementary school tasks, because learning disabilities tend to be identified in elementary school. However, if a child shows a number of these problems, then parents and the teacher should consider the possibility that the child has a learning disability. When a child has learning disability he or she may have trouble earning the alphabet, rhyming words, or connecting letters to their sounds, may make many mistakes when reading aloud, and repeat and pause often, may not understand what he or she reads, may have real trouble with spelling, may have very messy handwriting or hold a pencil awkwardly, may struggle to express ideas in writing, may learn language late and have a limited vocabulary, may have trouble remembering the sounds that letters make or hearing slight differences between words, may have trouble understanding jokes, comic strips, and sarcasm, may have trouble following directions, may mispronounce words or use a wrong word that sounds similar, may have trouble organizing what he or she wants to say or not be able to think of the word he or she needs for writing or conversation, may not follow the social rules of conversation, such as taking turns, and may stand too close to the listener, may confuse math symbols and misread numbers, may not be able to retell a story in order (what happened first, second, third), or may not know where to begin a task or how to go on from there. Difficulty with basic reading and language skills are the most common learning disabilities. As many as 80% of students with learning disabilities have reading problems, learning disabilities often run in families, learning disabilities should not be confused with other disabilities such as autism, intellectual disability, deafness, blindness, and behavioral disorders. None of these conditions are learning disabilities. In addition, they should not be confused with lack of educational opportunities like frequent changes of schools or attendance problems. There are different types of learning disabilities and they are classified to what particular disability. The most common types are Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, and Auditory and Visual Processing Disorders. The causes of Learning Disabilities are attributed to genetic, environmental factors and acquired trauma. The genetic factors refer to the characteristics that are inherited through the genes. Studies of identical or monozygotic twins, where one fertilized egg cell splits and develops into two separate embryos, show that when one twin has a reading disability, the other twin is more likely also to have a reading disability. Identical twins possess the same physical and mental traits. However, research shows that this is not true in the case of fraternal or dizygotic twins. Environmental influences refers to inadequate and poor learning environment that contribute significantly to the learning and behavior of many LD students (Gersten, Wood Ward and Darch, 1986, Wallace and Mclaughtin,1988). Acquired trauma is the injury to the central nervous system that originates outside the individuals result in learning disorders. 136, 525 with special need enrolled in school (2002-2003). (15. 19 %) were gifted and fast learners and 66, 635 (48. 81%) had disabilities. 75% – 80% of special education students identified as LD they have their basic deficits in language and reading; Source: National Institutes of Health. According to DepEd: learning disabilities affect 40,000 Filipino school children and the majority of these are boys. Motor Development In the first year of life, infants begin to gain control over movements. They begin to control their head movements, reach out and grasp objects, roll, sit, and crawl and hold cups or bottles to be able to eat. Then go on walking, running, climbing upstairs, using spoon and fork, and dressing themselves. Motor development only happens when the child is biologically and mentally ready for it. It progresses from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. Motor development progression start from top to the toe and from the center out. Ideally this means that head and shoulder movements should be practiced and mastered before hand and fine fingers movements attempted. Motor development patterns or task does not mean that it will improve or developed other motor skills. The motor skills of a child develop in their own pace, some develop in the early age, and others are delayed and have difficulties in controlling both their fine and gross motor skills. Children can do different activities. They are aware with their body, have muscle coordination, balance, manual dexterity and eye-hand coordination. Like them, Lyka can also do the same. She can perform some basic movements like moving from one place to another, walking, jumping, running, etc. She already knows how to write, grasp and hold objects. During the days of our home and school visit, we noticed how her muscle works, like when she holds and used her pencils, pen and crayons. She has a dominant right hand and properly holds her pencils with her thumb and two fingers. She writes properly using her pencil and crayons. She walks from home to school and from school back to their home. You read "Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study" in category "Essay examples" We observed how fast she runs up stairs, how she skips and stands with her tip toe, stand with one foot and stands on the table and chair. She can also dance gracefully. She don’t have problems in performing tasks especially with her hands; we saw how she use and holds some kitchen utensils like the plate, spoon and cup. She can also manipulate objects such as blocks and beads draw some pictures like flowers, ball, and basic shapes like circle, triangle, square, and rectangle. Lyka has a well fine motor skill that was shown in her hand written. Social and Emotional Development Many students with learning disabilities have social and emotional behaviour problems in addition to the usual difficulties in language, reading and mathematics. The student with social problems may be unable to behave appropriately with peers and in other social situation. Whereas social problems involved interaction with others, emotional problems are generally considered to be within the person. Problems in the social and emotional areas overlap in the learning disabled. For example the student with a poor self-concept may withdraw from social interaction with peers and adults. Although it is not always apparent whether social and emotional problems are contributing to the student’s academic difficulties. These aspects of behaviour are usually counterproductive to learning and thus limit academic success. Moreover, learning disabilities cause the students to faced academic failure and frustration. However, in the case of Lyka these behaviours are not present. She is a very sociable girl and friendly; she always wears a smile on her face. She can handle her emotion. She will act what she feels. She expresses what she wants and what do not want so that she can be understood by others. For example; when she wants to buy food, she expresses it to her mother and beg for it until her mother buys it. She plays with her classmates, runs if they do, and laughs and mingles with them. She smiles often and share what she have like her toys, books, crayons and papers and even her snacks. She asks the help of her parents and sisters frequently where to find things when she doesn’t know like when she misplaced her things (pencil, eraser etc. ). She is aware of the good manners and right conduct. She uses respectful words especially if she is talking to the elder people like saying â€Å"po, opo, tabi, kuya and ate† she make â€Å"mano† in her grandmother, parents and other elder ones. She talks and answers politely. Sometimes when she is having a conversation with one of our group mates (NEL), the attentiveness and the activeness can be seen and the word â€Å"kuya† is not forgotten. Onetime when we are asked by her parent to attend to her elder sister’s birthday celebration, we see how Lyka entertains her sister’s visitors without any sign of shyness. She took pictures of her sister’s classmates using the camera and the cell phone. She wants to make her sister’s visitors feel at home. It seems that she don’t feel any embarrassment in front of the unfamiliar faces,. She acts like there’s no other person in their house. She has the initiative to help her mother in some household chores that is easy for her to do like sweeping the floor, washing the dishes and picking up used papers and trash that were scattered. In fact at school we saw her arranging the chairs and sweeping the floor. She obeys when she is asked by her mother to do something like taking care of their sari-sari store. Cognitive and Language Development Hallaghen, Kauffman and Lloyd (1985) LD have more difficulty in memory processes than their handicapped peer. The memory problems of the learning disabled are attributed to the limited use of cognitive strategies (organization, rehearsal) that handicapped learners’ strategies; their performance is similar to that of non handicapped peers. Tongesen and Kail (1980) add that LD students may have difficulty remembering because of their poor language skills. Thus verbal material may be particularly difficult to remember. 50 % of LD individuals have language and speech problems (Marge, 1972), which may account for the increasing interest in language disorders (Wiig and Semels, 1984). Language and speech difficulties reflect deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. Because language skills and academic functioning are closely related, confusion exists concerning the diagnostic and instructional roles of language clinicians and LD specialist. Just like Lyka who frequently exhibits memory difficulties. She seems to know something one day but forgets it the next day. â€Å"She doesn’t seem to remember what she learns. Just like our names, at first she’ll remember it but forget it in the following day. A seven-year-old child should have mastered the consonants s-z, r, voiceless th, ch, wh, and the soft g as in George. Should handle opposite analogies easily: girl-boy, man-woman, flies-swims, blunt-sharp short-long, sweet-sour, etc. Understand such terms as: alike, different, beginning, end, etc. Should be able to do simple reading and to write or print many words. However, Lyka, who is a seven year old, cannot properly pronounce letters such as R, K, th and ch. According to her teacher, Lyka has difficulty in reading. She only pretends to read during oral reading. Her teacher added that she only reads through her lips imitating the sound she heard from her classmates. She is confused to pronounce letters B and D, P and T. She mispronounces letters D, B, K, T, and P. Sometimes she pronounced D as B and B as D. She can only pronounce common words such as mama and papa, during mother tongue lessons; she can recognize also letters and pronounce it correctly such as M, S, H and O. Lyka cannot identify rhyming words yet she can identify beginning sounds of common words like ma, pa, ate. She cannot even divide words into syllables. Even when there are giving syllables to form a word she cannot do it. She is unable to spell words correctly. She speaks in incomplete sentences like, â€Å"punta ka bahay? †, â€Å"san kuya Narrel? † and one time when we visit in their house she said that â€Å"Ate punta kayu amin, kayu sundo amin. † Lyka can easily recognize numbers and count as well. She can compare numbers and find which figure has greater amount. She can draw shapes but unable to determine its name except triangle and square. She is inattentive and keeps on looking around during storytelling. When the story tellers ask questions, she can answer the questions but in incomplete sentence. Sometimes she is unable to answer because she cannot recall the information. She cannot answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. But she can follow oral instruction like when we ask her to raise her hands if she wants to answer. Personal and Self-help Development â€Å"Personality develops based on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and adolescents from low, upper, and middle-class backgrounds† Erik Erikson once said. Personality is what makes a person a unique individual, and it is recognizable soon after birth. The personality of a person is might be influence by his peers, his environment and through her socialization and interaction with others. Children have different personality from each other. They might be similar in some ways but there is a big difference when we get to know it. Lyka can easily adjust to her surroundings and even there are new unfamiliar faces. Lyka is not so timid but not so interactive as well. But she can do things without being bothered by the new faces around her. When we gave her a set of crayons and coloring book, she excitedly colored the book. However, you can see that she can’t decide alone to what color she will use. She frequently asked us if what color she should use to ensure that she will not commit mistake. There is a time when we see her helping her classmates in cleaning the room. She goes to school early, she do her home works and she follows the school and class rules. After using her thing she fixed it with her own, like when she got bored in coloring her book, she clean up her mess and fixed her things then put it in the proper place. Lyka can take care of herself; she can take a bath and prepare herself to school. But because of the distance of their home from the school, their mother ensures her safety so she always goes with Lyka to the school and fetches her after class. According to Lyka she can do her projects with her own but there was a time that she asked her parents to help her especially if she find it hard to do. When we visit Lyka at the school, teacher Aileen shows us some of her projects. Some of them are authentically made by her but there is one project that Lyka’s mother made, a valentine decor that was hang near the bulletin board. Lyka is not aware of healthy food in fact, when we go with Ate Aida to fetch her we saw that she buys junk food in the store without thinking the risk she will get from it. But Lyka is concern to her personal hygiene. Every time she feels that she’s already stinky and dirty, she changes up her dress. Lyka is aware that she might get hit by the passing automobile that’s why she ensures that she tightly holds the hand of her mother when they cross the street. Teacher Conference According to her teacher (Teacher Aileen L. Conda) Lyka has an unusual short attention span and doesn’t like reading. She cannot easily catch up to the lesson that is why she needs more time for her to absorb the lesson. During reading activity Lyka pretends to read though she can’t. She just read through her lips and after a while, she will stop and just stares at the words flashing in front of her and do nothing. After that her eyes will start to look around. Teacher Aileen added that this particular behavior of Lyka occurs when it is reading period and the subject allows her to read sentences/short stories. This behavior lasts mostly 15 minutes. She denotes that this particular behavior is not a very serious case. If she will just pay attention and tried harder, she could read but she chooses not to do it. The said behaviors least likely occur when the subject is interesting especially if it is Math. According to Teacher Aileen also, Lyka find reading difficult so who ever teach her to read Lyka really find it hard for her to learn. When series of words have been flashing in front of her, she becomes confused and find it difficult to blend the sounds and read it as a word. Her difficulty in reading obviously seen every time the class start to read and she just stop reading and her eyes will start to wonder. Teacher Aileen also included that one time, after the class have finished reading, she call Lyka’s attention and asked her why she didn’t read, she will not response and her eyes avoid to look at her directions. Lyka’s body becomes stiff and sometimes when she asked Lyka to stand because she will teach it to read, she doesn’t get any response and sometimes she pout and cries. Lyka can write even long sentences but the problem is she doesn’t able to read what she have wrote. She find it hard to recognized rhyming words. Teacher Aileen suggested that both the regular and SPEd teacher in cooperation with the parents can create an intervention plan tailored to her specific needs. Parent Conference As we talk to Lyka’s mother, Mrs. Aida, she told us that when she read to her daughter Lyka she notice that Lyka is easily get bored especially when the words are repeatedly told. Lyka will said, â€Å"paulit-ulit na lang! † Lyka become inattentive if she is exposed to many words when her mother tries to teach her. When she read to Lyka using the MTB (Mother Tongue Based) Manual, Lyka found it hard to read. She cannot read if Lyka’s mother did not first pronounce the words. She did not recognize simple words like â€Å"baso† and unable to read and pronounce simple syllable. When she tried to read to Lyka one syllable like â€Å"sa,se,si,so,su† she can say it but later on as she introduce another set of syllables she did not recognize the first syllable anymore. She can only read syllables or words if her mother read with her and she found it difficult if she reads with her own. There are omitted letters on her writings. Lyka’s mother told us that she is sociable; she does not choose whom to play with. Mrs. Aida point out that when Lyka’s playmate hit her, she will hit back that particular child. Lyka’s mother added that every time her things are being used without her permission she pout and put back again her things in order. Because of the busy schedule of Lyka’s father we didn’t have a chance to talk with her, but according to Mrs. Aida he helps her daughter to do her home works like when there are activities concerns to drawing. But he never had a chance to teach his daughter to read because of his works. Mrs. Aida added that Lyka is an obedient child; she listens if she told to, she obeys whatever her mother asks her. Mrs. Aida is concern to her child. She wants that Lyka to learn to read. She teaches Lyka to read if she has a time, but Lyka is very inattentive. She is easily disturbed especially if there are children playing in their house. Conclusions Based from the gathered data, the researchers find out the following conclusions: †¢Lyka can do mathematical problems. She is able to add and subtract simple equation. Also, she can count numbers from 1-30 consistently. †¢In terms of her social and emotional concerns, she is ociable and can handle her feelings, often play with her classmates and friends. She laughs with them, interacts with them and shares food to them. She talks much and says whatever she wanted. She behaves well at school. She remains seated during class discussion. She follows c lassroom rules and regulations. †¢She has a short attention span. She got easily bored when doing something. Sometimes she was distracted that is why she can’t finish specific tasks. †¢She has well fine motor skills. She holds pencil and crayons properly and writes neatly. She can draw basic shapes and simple objects but unable to name some. She can do gross motor skills such as walking running, jumping, skipping and balancing. She can also dance and move her body. †¢She speaks with omitted words in the sentence. She finds it hard to remember and therefore produce correct sounds of letters/ words. She has trouble learning the alphabet that is why she has trouble understanding written words. She frequently mispronounces words. †¢She has difficulty in reading. Yes, she can write letters and words but unable to pronounce and name it. She can’t remember long sentences and oftentimes forget what she has learned like our names. †¢She listens but most of the time becomes inattentive. Her focus shifted to something that catches her attention. She cannot focus on one specific task. She might have difficulty in reasoning because she cannot be able to express her ideas example based from the story heard. She cannot answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. â€Å" Learning disability is a disorder that is manifested by significance difficulties in the acquisition and use of list ening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities( Hammill, Leigh, Mcnutt and Larser, 1981)† However, based from the above conclusions, we found out that in the case of lyka, she has only learning disability in some areas; her reading, speaking and listening skills and probably to have problems in reasoning skill. Problems in Reading are manifested in a variety of ways. It could be word recognition errors (omission, insertion, etc. , reading habits (tension, movements, etc. ) and comprehension errors. She often omits words, only when she was and sometimes in writing. Lyka, during reading period start to wander and stare only at the words and she cannot even recall some facts from story heard. Torgesen and Kail (1980) denotes that learning disabled children /students may have difficulty remembering because of their poor language skills. Thus, verbal material may be particularly difficult to remember. Speaking is present to Lyka’s disability. This is manifested in her verbal communication. She speaks in incomplete sentences. Thus, she frequently omits words when talking. Marge (1972) accounts that learning disabled individuals have language and speech disorders which lead to an increasing interest in language disorders (Wiig and Semels, 1984). Language and speech difficulties reflect deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. In Lyka’s case, she reflects deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. She is able to communicate orally but language lack in pragmatic competence. The structures on sentences are incorrect and often mispronounce uttered words. She has difficulty in her listening comprehension. Fleisher, Soodak and Selin (1984) reported that attention deficits have much fact validity; teacher can readily recall students with learning disability who had difficulty paying attention. Lyka’s attention is short that is why she has problems in listening comprehension and she does not able to absorb information due to inattentiveness. Lyka might probably have difficulty in reasoning skills. â€Å"Many students with learning disabilities have weaknesses in abstract reasoning and can benefit from direct instruction in problem-solving skills. They may also benefit from language therapy to help them learn to use language to understand and solve problems† (Article of Ann Logsdon). Lyka can’t answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. The manifestation of learning disability in writing and mathematics are not present to Lyka. Actually she doesn’t have difficulty in writing and mathematics. She can write her name, short or long sentences neatly and can solve simple mathematical problems like basic addition and subtraction. Thus, she has learning disability in reading, speaking and listening skills. Interventions to learning disabled children Multi sensory approach referred to as VAKT (visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile) learning is facilitated for some students if information received through several senses rather than just one or two senses. Fernald Method stresses whole word learning. To provide an independent study method for students who have extreme difficulty retaining sight words and their spelling. This procedure may be integrated into other reading/spelling methods for students who do not seem to be able to re-visualize words for writing or who do not retain the association between printed words and their spoken equivalents. Gillingham-Stillman (1966) Method, feature sound blending, the process of teaching isolated sound and blending them into a word. Language Program and Materials Clinical Language Intervention Program (Semel and Wiig, 1982), used to teaches semantics, syntax, memory, and pragmatics to students. Let’s Talk: Developing Pro-social Communication Skills (Wiig 1982), develop and strengthen the pro social communication skills of students. Direct remediation (Auditory Training), Auditory training that targets bottom-up activities that maximize neuroplasticity and can be formal (i. e. , in a sound-treated booth with acoustically controlled stimuli) or informal (in home or school setting using targeted games and activities). References Books â€Å"Bangs, Tina E. â€Å"Language and Learning Disorder of the Pre-academic Child with curriculum guide†New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc. , 1982 Harring, Norris G. â€Å"Exceptional Children and youth† (5th Edition) Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company, 1990 Stanley Johnson W, Robert L. Morasky â€Å"learning Disabilities† (Second Edition) Boston Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon Inc. , 1980 Inciong, Teresita G. , Yolanda S. Quijano, Yolanda T. Capulong, Julieta A. Gregorio, Adelaida C. Gines. Introduction To special Education†Philippines: Rex Book Store Inc. 2007 Electronic media http://www. angelfire. com/folk/personalitydev http://www. bhcmhmr. org/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=12757cn=462 http://www. ldhope. com/statistics. html www. Interaksyon. com/article/33676/no-such-thing-as-bobo http://childdevelopmentinfo. com/child-development/language_development. shtml http://www. jstor. org/discover/pgs/index? id=10. 2307/1169734img=dtc. 22. tif. gifuid=3738824uid=2uid=4sid=21101780942871orig=/discover/10. 2307/1169734? uid=3738824uid=2uid=4sid=21101780942871 http://www. ehow. com/about_5530836_meaning-cognitive-disorder. html Documentation How to cite Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study, Free Case study samples

Software Engineering Analysis and Design

Question: Describe about the Software Engineering for Analysis and Design. Answer: Use Case summarization The following use case diagram shows how FERHIRE car hires company to process their car hiring system. At first, a use case diagram shows how many users associated with this company and a sequence diagram shows how this system will call the method implemented in this system and the return value. A Use Case Diagram for processing a car rental booking Figure 1: Use case diagram of FedHire Car hire company (Source: Created by author) A Class Diagram of the intended system Figure 2: Class diagram of FedHire Car hire company (Source: Created by author) A Sequence Diagram showing how a new car rental booking is processed Figure 3: Sequence diagram of FedHire Car hire company (Source: Created by author) Reflection The FedHire is a company of providing car service for their clients. They have mainly three type of clients such as standard, loyalty club member and their employees. Now they decided that their employees can get 20 percent discount, loyalty club members cab get 10 percent discount and standard clients pay as the usually applicable charges. Now the developer was developing this system for calculating their discount according to their membership. After calculating the costs, this system also provides a report for total rent amount and discount amount. According to these requirements, the developer implements a use case diagram where there uses are identified for the process the entire system flow. After that, a class diagram is designed for this system, where the developer place all necessary entities. These entities are replaced in the application. When the application developer, was going to impalements such functions, for calculating the cost associated with this system, some excep tions arises. Then to overcome this kind of exceptions the developer implements an interface. An interface is a reference type where the reference made to all methods included in a class which implements an interface. In this interface, the developer initializes display, total cost and discount cost methods. These methods are used in the three type of payments class. The main method all the menu class and the menu class will class each class method according to the chosen option of a user. Bibliography Chanda, J., Kanjilal, A., Sengupta, S., Bhattacharya, S. (2015, December). Traceability of requirements and consistency verification of UML use case, activity and Class diagram: A Formal approach. InMethods and Models in Computer Science, 2009. ICM2CS 2009. Proceeding of International Conference on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. (2012). NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.Nat methods,9(7), 671-675. Segundo, L. M., Herrera, R. R., Herrera, K. Y. P. (2015, September). Uml sequence diagram generator system from use case description using natural language. InElectronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference (CERMA 2007)(pp. 360-363). IEEE. Sengupta, S., Bhattacharya, S. (2016, June). Formalization of UML use case diagram-a Z notation based approach. In2006 International Conference on Computing Informatics(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Shen, W., Liu, S. (2013, November). Formalization, testing and execution of a use case diagram. InInternational Conference on Formal Engineering Methods(pp. 68-85). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Snellenburg, J., Laptenok, S., Seger, R., Mullen, K., Van Stokkum, I. (2012). Glotaran: a Java-based graphical user interface for the R package TIMP.Journal of Statistical Software,49(3). Taboada, G. L., Ramos, S., Expsito, R. R., Tourio, J., Doallo, R. (2013). Java in the High Performance Computing arena: Research, practice and experience.Science of Computer Programming,78(5), 425-444. Wimmer, C., Haupt, M., Van De Vanter, M. L., Jordan, M., Dayns, L., Simon, D. (2013). Maxine: An approachable virtual machine for, and in, java.ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO),9(4), 30. Zakhour, S. B., Kannan, S., Gallardo, R. (2013).The Java Tutorial: A Short Course on the Basics. Addison-Wesley.

I Love My Mom free essay sample

Ilove my mom. But it would hard to deny that I have been somewhat relieved tohave 2,000 miles between us since she moved back to Mississippi. My motheris the bipolar product of an anxious Japanese woman and a stereotypical Southernman. Raised in the South, she was a teenage hippie, minus the politics and plus acountry-club membership. She and my dad (the product of a talented salesman andan immaculate housewife) moved from Mississippi to Hollywood in the 70s so hecould become a professional musician. In sixth grade, my dad announcedtheir separation and divorce. It wasnt especially surprising, but I cried, andthen thought that living in two places might be fun. So, in seventh grade, everyweekend Id either pack to go to my moms apartment, or pack to return to mydads our, hed insist three-bedroom Craftsman. In ninthgrade, the sleep-overs at my moms stopped because of one night that was anaccumulation of the dysfunction she thought she might hide. We will write a custom essay sample on I Love My Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom and herlive-in friend, Bobby, had taken me and my younger brother Scott outto eat on Valentines Day, and my mother had one drink too many. Scott and I wereembarrassed enough just walking home with my mom and Bobby, but the balloons andflowers (his gifts for her) we had to carry and her wanderings in front of carsadded to our disgust. We reached her apartment and my brother left torollerblade with friends; he understandably didnt want to be around that night.I left my glasses in the bedroom I shared with him and went to the small livingroom. My mom was sitting on the black couch with red eyes. She was a big sobbingmess. Why dont you have your glasses on? she questioned,trying but failing to steady her voice. Um, I was going to take ashower, I said. I somehow felt I owed her an explanation. Oh.Im so sorry, she said, tears streaming down her face. Itsall right, I said, slightly uncomfortable. I put my arm around hershoulders gingerly. No, no, I should be the one comfortingyou, she said, now completely weeping. No, Iargued. I called Daddy and everythings gonna be fine now. Go takeyour shower, honey. I didnt argue. I love you so much.Mom embraced me. I hugged her back, gently at first, then with more force. Iwondered what it was like to be her, who loved and mothered us, and indulgedalmost all our greedy whims. I love you, too. My eyes werebeginning to tear. Not wanting to push her further into self-pity, I held themback. Im going to go take that shower now, I told her, gladto escape. My face scrunched and I felt the need to cry. I thought aboutMom telling me she should be comforting me. I wanted to cry, but the tearswouldnt come. Finally as I shampooed my hair, I cried, sitting with myback against the wall, my knees drawn to my chest as the hot water slightlysoothed me. And I prayed and thought about heaven, where I wouldnt see Momdrunk; no, Id just see her happy and smiling like she should be. A knockon the door interrupted my thoughts. Mom was saying something. Icant hear you, I said, leveling my voice so as not to upsether. Daddys coming over, she said. So hurryup. I walked into the living room again without my glasses and saton the couch, braced for another family talk. My dads voice wasgentler than usual. I was glad I hadnt worn my glasses, so I couldnt quite lookin their eyes. I watched as Mom gazed at Dad somewhat adoringly. I blamedthat on the alcohol. Its just like Daddys thyroids. He has to takemedicine. I have to take medicine or I have mood swings. I havent had mymedicine in two weeks and itll be a while before it gets back in my system. Itsjust like Daddys thyroids, she explained, not tooclearly. Yes. And we, as parents, my dad spoke slowly,want whats best for you and everyone involved, and think that - Whatever the kids want, Mom interrupted. Asparents, we know whats best for them, Dad said calmly. Yeah, I know, my mom whined. Im being selfish rightnow. No, youre just responding to natural desires. Youhavent seen the kids in a while, but theyll be able to visit you Hespoke a while longer, my mom adding her two cents wherever she saw fit, while Ifought the tears now eager to spill out. Soon Scott and I were restuffingclothes and books into suitcases. Bye, Mom, I said, huggingher tightly. Bye, honey. I love you. I love you,too. Bye, she repeated as I was almost out of thedoor. Janie, shell only be three blocks away, Dadspoke. I know, I know. But even though I might be threeblocks away, the mother I had put on a pedestal as a small child would be muchfarther. Bye, Mom. I love you. Through the years, mymom has taught me many things, not so much through her words, but through heractions. I remember watching her bake cheesecakes, hem skirts, efficiently managedepartments at Macys, and stand up for her children. But I also remembermy mother twisting words so shed appear in a more favorable light, spendingmoney she didnt have, choosing friends she correctly believed shewas above, and investing in weak pride because she lacked confidence in herskills, talents and future. I remember my mother doing all these things,and I remember my dad explaining her childhood and early adulthood: her emotionalabuse, her drug abuse, her promiscuity and her avoidance of therapy and help. Iremember my dad reassuring me that I wouldnt be like my mother, butI knew that before he said it. I enjoy life, its blessings and challenges, I amthankful for my abilities, and for the people in life who help where I am weak. And I realize that the most I share with my mom is a knack for makingcheesecake, a talent for taking the wrong exits on freeways, gratitude for ourtime spent reading and playing together, and thankfulness for an always mutuallove. I love my mom; thats never been hard, though its certainly been astruggle to respect the woman who made so many faulty decisions that led to anearly hopeless life. Its still a struggle to think of my mother and not cryfor her, and want her to enjoy life. And because of these things its tempting tothink life is unkind, but stronger than that temptation is the knowledge that myparents have always, and will always, love, cherish, support, and, in two verydifferent ways, teach their children what they can. Because of this, I know Imtremendously fortunate.

Music and the Informational Age of Influence essays

Music and the Informational Age of Influence essays As we enter a new millennia, so will our music. The entire field of music has experienced dramatic changes due to the post-industrial/informational age. This paper will focus primarily on the expansion of musical research and the development of new tools to aid in learning. The overall reaction details innovations that enhance and expand the depths of music. In the 1970s, the US government underwent a secret project making an underground port of communication. This project created what we now know as the Internet. The term Internet is often used to describe this enormous international network of computers. The word "internet" literally means, "network of networks". In itself, the Internet is comprised of thousands of smaller regional networks scattered throughout the globe. On any given day, it connects roughly 25 million users in over 50 countries. One major importance is that The World Wide Web is accessed through the Internet. The term Internet and World Wide Web are not synonymous, in fact confusing as they might seem, they both have different meanings. The Web refers to a body of information- an abstract space of knowledge, whereas the Internet is the actual hardware- the physical components which consist of giant masses of cables, satellites, and computers. Recent technological advances such as T3 lines, fiber optics, ground cable s, and satellites have increased the transfer of information by 347 times. The most common access to the Internet and the World Wide Web is through an Internet Service Provider (ISP). There are both local and national ISP's. The only basic requirements to access ISP's are a computer, modem, and a telephone. Just by clicking a mouse, one can discover a mass amount of treasure from sources like libraries, databases, web sites, and other people. New technology allows musicians to work time efficiently. For example, I was given an assignment where I had to translate and listen to recordings of three Ge...

Strategy Innovation & Change - Critically evaluate the alliance Essay

Strategy Innovation & Change - Critically evaluate the alliance between Avebe and Noveon. What does this case show us about strategy as a process and its imple - Essay Example is a holistic approach that is adopted by organisations in planning the future course of business and as Mintzberg points is out, â€Å"strategies are both plans for the future and patterns from the past† (Mintzberg, 1987, P. 67). Of the various methods that organisations generally adopt in order to manifest strategic success, strategic alliance is very popular, and as Kanter propounds, â€Å"business alliances are living systems, evolving progressively in their possibilities† (Kanter, 1994, P. 97). She further suggests that â€Å"relationships between companies begin, grow, and develop – or fail – much like relationships between people† (Kanter, 1994, P. 99). This essay will focus on the strategic alliances and their conceptual tenets. This essay will focus on the strategic alliance that was struck between Avebe and Noveon in March 1995, and was terminated in September 1999. It was observed that the alliance was based on shared-supply as they joint ly developed a product but marketed it independently (Dussauge & Garrett, n.d., P. 63). When companies wish to enter into a shared-supply alliance, comparative analysis of core competencies is indispensable in evaluating technological and other resources-related compatibility and thus helps in anticipating the outcomes of such alliances. Generally firms also take into consideration the mutual competencies in terms of marketing as well in order to project the future prospects of the novel products, if any, that are focused on developing. While conducting an internal appraisal, organizations should also consider their cultural aspects and try their best to enhance employee-involvement so that they are properly aligned with strategic objectives. Das and Teng suggest that â€Å"the first stage in forming alliances is the selection of partner firms† (Das & Teng, 1999, P. 56-57). Prior to formulating any organizational strategy, the management should take into consideration the external business environment as these

Writing a letter to somebody Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing a letter to somebody - Assignment Example As we would be dealing with different kinds of people in the future, your presentation taught us the relevance of correct tone usage, and how important word choice can be in influencing others. Second, your presentation dealt with basic problems that people normally commit when communicating with others, such as: being too formal, too casual, or too subjective when communicating, orally or in writing, with others. Your examples made your point easier to understand. Lastly, you provided us with very helpful tips on how to appropriately compose a professional email. Clearly, all your reminders will prove to be very significant and beneficial for us in the future, when we start engaging ourselves in business activities and professional interviews. I very much appreciate the time that you have taken from your busy schedule in coming over for you to educate us with what you have expertly presented. I would be looking forward to more lectures and highly informative presentations that you may have in the

Finding a solution to the cancer rate in pottstown, Essay

Finding a solution to the cancer rate in pottstown, - Essay Example Often, the effects of draining waste or spilling industrial waste, into rivers affect the health of living things such as aquatic life and other non-aquatic living things that depend on the contaminated water. It is obvious that chemicals that find their way in the water can cause cancer in people who consume this water. In effect, this explains the growing number of people diagnosed with cancer over the world, which implies that the city of Pottstown is not an exception. In this case, the city’s cancer rate has been increasing at an abnormal rate, and it is incumbent about the authorities to ensure that there were efforts aimed at extenuating the rate of cancer in the city. Since cancer rates are abnormally high in the city of Pottstown, the city government of Pottstown needs stricter rules to protect the water supply from chemicals that cause cancer. According to Dr. Jeffrey Griffiths, â€Å"Health risks in drinking water are increasing, not declining, but we are not equipped to assess them from a public health surveillance standpoint† (as cited in League of Women Voters, 2005, p. 1). In this case, the measures that governments took to ensure public safety and health were not adequate since they lacked the capacity in carrying out efficient inspection regarding the quality of water human beings consumed. It is the responsibility of the city government to ensure that the quality of water residents consumed was free of waterborne diseases. However, Griffiths noted that the public health system appears overwhelmed with its resources stretched thin while the Center for Disease Control, which backs the efforts of the state government, face budget cuts (as cited in League of Women Voters, 2005, p. 1). In effect, the failure to have effective systems meant to ensure public safety implies that the public remains unaware of the pr esence of harmful chemicals or waterborne diseases present in the water

Anaesthetic Practice Appendectomy At Second Trimester Of Pregnancy Nursing Essay

Anaesthetic Practice Appendectomy At Second Trimester Of Pregnancy Nursing Essay This is a reflective essay based on my personal experience as a student anaesthetic practitioner which happened during in one of my clinical placements in an acute hospital. This is a case of a 42 year old at her 24 weeks gestational pregnancy who underwent an emergency appendicectomy under a general anaesthesia with difficult intubation. I will refer to patient as Mrs. G in order to keep her confidentiality (NMC Code of Conduct 2008). The Gibbs reflective cycle will be the framework of my reflection (Jasper 2003) which is shown in Appendix A. Mrs. G. had been admitted due to nausea, vomiting, fever, right abdominal pain, and mild elevation of her white blood cell count which are the presenting symptoms of appendicitis. She underwent ultrasonography of abdomen and confirmed an acute appendicitis, thus, an urgent booking for an open appendicectomy was done. The patient proceeded to the operating theatre with little delay to minimise the sequence to perforation. Such occurrences are uncommon, however, seeing that most cases of appendiceal perforation occur earlier to surgical assessment as described by MacMahon (1991). The theatre team gathered to do a preoperative briefing. The Operating Department Practitioner (ODP), anaesthetist, surgeon, obstetrician, neonatologist, midwife, circulating, scrub nurse and myself were present (WHO 2008). After doing all the routine checks of anaesthetic equipments and drugs as advised by the AAGBI 2004, I went to check the patient (AfPP 2007), the informed consent (DOH 2009) then accompanie d her into the anaesthetic room. Markedly, Mrs. G looked dehydrated, due to fever and reduced oral intake, hence, intravenous fluids was initiated, and pulse, blood pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation and urine output was monitored closely. A Foley catheter was inserted in theatres to ensure adequate urine output. Electrolyte deficiency should be corrected before the induction of general anesthesia (Shields Werder 2002). As a health care professional and a student, I felt pity on Mrs. G because of the severe pain she was having, but what I could only give is to support her. Mrs. G and her husband were in the holding bay and while waiting there to be brought inside the anaesthetic room, apparently, they looked very upset. I stayed with them. I remembered that I should always be present especially when the surgeon, anaesthetist and the whole medical staff discuss the diagnosis and prognosis with them. This action will ensure that someone who will have also heard the discussion dialogue will support the patient, family or carer. We should be aware of the need for privacy when giving information and must endeavour, where the physical environment allows using a closed door environment to ensure absolute confidentiality. We also provide appropriate support to relatives by accompanying them and the patient into the anaesthetic room and to keep them regularly updated and should be given the opportunity to sp eak to the medical staff especially for relatives of critically ill patient and unconscious patients. We must listen to the patients and carers. Their input should be actively sought and not rebuffed. According to Wicker ONeil 2006, we are expected to communicate and give information in a caring, sensitive, friendly and considerate manner and should endeavour to create an atmosphere of confidence and trust when communicating with patients and their families. Careful attention to the evaluation of the airway, antacid pre-treatment and all required preparation for a potentially difficult airway was done for Mrs. G in the preoperative period. It is recommended that from 16 weeks gestation patients undergoing general anaesthesia should be given prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonitis. This usually includes a non-particulate antacid such as sodium citrate 30ml and an H2 receptor antagonist e.g. Ranitidine 50mg intravenously (Yentis et al 2007). Whilst positioning Mrs. G on the operating table, a left lateral inclination of between 15 30 degrees was made. Otherwise, a wedge under the right buttock may be used to minimise aortocaval compression as stated by Aitkenhead Smith (1990). Pre oxygenation was given as it is crucial and should be with a firm fitting mask for at least 3 minutes. As said by Pinnock et al (2003), General anaesthesia involves administration of drugs with possible effects on the foetus. Drugs with good safety records du ring pregnancy were used like Thiopentone, an induction agent, Suxamethonium which is a fast-acting muscle relaxant, Phenylephrine, a vasopressor to increase blood pressure and Metaraminol which is a sympathomimetic used to prevent and treat hypotension (Ponte Green 1994). Drugs that might increase uterine tone like Ketamine and beta-blockers should be avoided (BNF 2010). Obstetricians would request perioperatively, prophylactic tocolytic drugs such as Magnesium Sulfate, Terbutaline and Nifedipine, in order to prevent premature labour. Beta-adrenergic agonists such as Terbutaline are commonly used although their efficacy is vague and may affect maternal tachycardia and pulmonary oedema as stated by Campbell Spence (1997). Recent evidence suggests that calcium-channel blockers like Nifedipine may be effective with a better safety report in line with Simpson Popat 2002. In general, the fewer drugs used overall the better. Drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAID s given near to labour may cross the placenta thereby averting the ductus arteriosus to close in relation to Moules Ramsay (2008). I explained to Mrs. G that a rapid sequence induction will be done for her safety and this is by applying a gradually increasing pressure on her neck specifically on the cricoids area. This is also known as Sellick manoeuvre. Intubation might be difficult and so adjuncts for a difficult intubation have been prepared. The operating department practitioner stood behind me whilst coaching me. Suction apparatus was available close at hand, laryngoscope and endotracheal tube was prepared, lubricated and a syringe was attached to the cuff. I did a careful cricoid pressure whilst handling the bougie with the endotracheal tube, but she could hardly see the airway hence, the anaesthetist asked for a guedel oral airway and ventilated her. Later she asked for an Airtraq, which is a disposable laryngoscope with a built-in camera for easy view of the airway. Again, it was difficult. Finally, a fibreoptic scope was used until a successful intubation was achieved. Once the airway was secured, ventilation intended to keep the PCO2 in the standard range for her pregnancy. The MAC or minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anaesthetic was reduced. The foetal heart rate was monitored preoperatively and postoperatively but intraoperatively, it has been difficult as the surgery was abdominal. Along with Allman Wilson (2006), the main concerns of the anaesthetist caring for Mrs. G are the physical response relating to the cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Stoelting Miller 1994 pointed out that physiological and anatomical changes arise in the respiratory system all throughout pregnancy is due to hormonal and mechanical factors. In accordance with Drain (2003), dyspnoea is always common in pregnancy and oedema of the mucosal airway makes the view at laryngoscopy poor. According to Avidan et al (2003), cardiac output is increased roughly by 40%, and as early as 12-13 weeks, the gravid uterus constrict the lower vena cava when the woman rests flat on her back. Obstruction of the aorta may occur and result in diminished placental blood flow. This is very important when positioning a pregnant patient on the operating table as it can lead to profound hypotension. In severe hypotension and foetal bradycardia patient is turned to the left lateral position Yentis et al (2007). Increased in gastric regurgitation and aspiration might happen during induction of general anaesthesia as stated by Davey Ince 2000 therefore, a rapid sequence induction is obligatory when inducing general anaesthesia. Primarily, blood and oxygen flow must be given to both mother and foetus in order for surgery to be safe Gwinnut (2004). Accurate monitoring, recording and interpretation of any baseline measurement and any subsequent physiological measurement that fall outside of normal limits should be observed. Any fall in blood pressure, oxygen saturation, pulse, respiration, and foetal heart rate should cause alarm for the team. Doctors and anaesthetists must be cautious when operating on pregnant women because of the possibility of a preterm labour which should be observed postoperatively. The surgery has finished and went well. Mrs G was extubated awake and on her side to cut the risk of aspiration of gastric contents. She was transferred immediately to the Recovery and her hus band was informed. I think having both myself and Mrs. G and her family a greater understanding of their condition, treatment, care and the risks of treatment will help alleviate their fears and anxieties. The patient will be satisfied as she understands what is being done to her, therefore, there will be improvement in the overall outcome, speed of recovery, health, and patient experience. The whole team has done their part well and everything for the safety of both the mother and foetus. Pregnant women assumed of having appendicitis are often misdiagnosed and undergo unnecessary appendicectomies which result in early delivery or loss of the foetus. After careful reflection, I strongly believe that there is a need to require more precise diagnosis to avoid needless operations and unfavorable fetal loss. One straightforward solution that I can say is the use of advanced imaging tools, such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in order to increase diagnostic accuracy. Mrs. G was lucky not because of having a genuine inflamed appendix which has not ruptured so far but the diagnosis was accurately and immediately made through an ultrasound. Preterm labour was also prevented because of the necessary precautions that the whole team has contributed. Number of words: 1, 592

Do Gays and Lesbians Threaten the System of Male Dominance? Essay

Do Gays and Lesbians Threaten the System of Male Dominance? "In short, by not complying with their assigned gender roles, gays and lesbians threaten the system of male dominance (Calhoun 157)" A debate is raging in America about who people have a right to marry. In response to lesbians and gays asking for the right to marry, many legislators are writing laws to ban same-sex marriage in their respective states. Even President Bush supports a Constitutional amendment that would ban same-sex marriage (prez.bush.marriage/). Opponents of such legislation do not want discrimination passed into law and are protesting at every opportunity. One must understand the reasons that people want to ban same-sex marriage before he or she can effectively argue about the subject. Many advocates of same-sex marriage bans say that allowing gays and lesbians to marry would degrade the institution of marriage because marriage is only supposed to exist between a man and woman. In addition, allowing same-sex marriage would cause problems for society (Issues and Controversies on File). One theory why opponents may fight against same-sex marriages is that heterosexual marriages have long reinfo rced traditional gender roles within marriage and that allowing same-sex marriages would cause males to lose their authority to subordinate females as heterosexual couples begin to model same-sex marriage gender equality (Calhoun 157). The traditional argument against same-sex marriage states that marriage is defined as the emotional and spiritual union of a man and a woman. According to that definition, a pair of men or women cannot marry. Opponents of same-sex marriage bans, however, argue that marriage is a basic personal and social right and a social contract that is devoid of gender consideration. Cheshire Calhoun states, "the dominant goal of marriage is and should be unitive, the spiritual and personal union of the committed couple" (151). The sexual orientation or gender of the partners does not lessen the importance placed upon entering such a union and need not be used to restrict who can enter into such a union. Heterosexuals have enjoyed the right to marry throughout recorded history, though there have been restrictions placed over who could marry that have been overc... ...at sodomy is immoral or that same-sex unions are immoral, but nevertheless think the state should adopt a neutral position, refraining from criminalizing sodomy and offering legal protection for same-sex unions under domestic partnership laws" (Calhoun 168). Bibliography LOVING ET UX. v. VIRGINIA. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document? _m=5fc1bb0239c8912aa97d779528e9d62b& _docnum=2&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkVb&_md5=60c85af0cd3ade6c85561f31ba41bdc7 http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/ Calhoun, Cheshire. Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement. Oxford University Press: New York, 2000. Corvino, John. Why Shouldn't Tommy and Jim Have Sex? A Defense of Homosexuality. Rowman & Littlefield: New York, 1997. Issues and Controversies on File. Same-Sex Marriage. Facts on File News Services: New York, 1996. Levin, Michael E. Sexual Orientation and Human rights. Rowman & Littlefield: New York, 1999. B.A. Robinson. â€Å"CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOUS OPPOSITION TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGES†. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marj_c.htm. Sullivan, Andrew. Virtually Normal. Alfred A. Knopf Inc: New York, 1995.

Manufacturing process Essay

?What are two items regarding the manufacturing process related to the organization that the team finds unique or interesting? One of the processes that we found interesting concerning the Coca Cola Company is that the company operates through multiple local channels. The operation is set-up to manufacture, sell concentrates, beverages bases and syrups with partnerships with within the local regions in the world. This occurs because Coca Cola is comprised of many bottling partners who manufacture, package merchandise, and distribute the final branded beverages through local customers and vending partners worldwide who then sell to their local consumers with in their region of distribution. This is a unique operation because most consumers would think that Coca Cola is located at one place of operation and distributed worldwide. Another unique aspect that we found interesting is that Coca Cola has a conservation process called Sustainable Packaging. This process starts with the company having and showing an active role with recovery and recycling process. One way they are in the forefront in this process is that they support and invest the placement of several thousand recycling bins in public areas every year. They also directly invested in six plastic bottle to bottle recycling plants around the world, these plants process millions of pounds of material each year. This process helps to produce new packaging along with other items within the company. These innovated conservation awareness processed has gain favorably and partnership with Ocean Conservation and Keep America BEAUTIFUL. These two process from producing the product to investing in conservation show the cradle to grave aspect of the Coca Cola Company.

Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essays

Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essays Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essay Economic growth of US, Australia and India Essay In this report, the economic growth of Australia, USA and India is discussed. Economic growth is key factor to economic development. People of the nation are benefited when national Income grows. The Is no any scientific method of formula to measure the economic growth whereas the data, charts and other information can be helpful for strategy-makers to understand the countries economic positions and design a framework to guide for an effort toward development. Data are the retracts covering measures of economic growth, such as gross domestic product (GAP) and gross national Income (IN). They also have pointers representing elements known to be appropriate to economic growth, such as capital stock, employment, Investment, savings, consumption, government spending, Imports, and exports (The World Bank, 2014). GAP is one of the primary pointers to evaluate the economy of a country. GAP is the market value of goods and services produced by property and labor in a country in a given period of time regardless of nationality (The statistics Portal, 2014). Normally, it is calculated on an annual basis and includes all public and private consumption, government expenditure, Investments, and net exports. The Gross Domestic Product Is primary pointers in measuring a countrys standard of living. In addition, Real GAP Is a key Indicator to measure economic growth since it is a measurement that takes prices changes into consideration (The statistics Portal, 2014). Real shows the changes in the value of the national currency, known as inflation and deflation, which allows for the evaluation of a countrys annual GAP over a longer period of time (I. E. Years or decades). Glance on Economic Growth comparison between Australia, USA India AUSTRALIA The Australian economy has experienced continuous growth and features low unemployment, contained inflation, very less public debt, and a strong and stable continued economic growth, averaging 3. 5% year. Call for resources and energy from China and other Asian countries has rapidly grown, forming a good space for investments and growth in product exports. As Australian dollar is high and has hurt mainly manufacturing sector, on the other hand services sector covered largely in Australian economy, roughly about 70% of GAP and 75% of Jobs. Agriculture contributes 4% of GAP and Industry has a share of 27. 3% in GAP (The Statistics Portal Australia, 2014). Australia was one of the reasonably unaffected countries by the global financial crisis where the banking system was strength to keep inflation under control. Similarly, Australia is making a remarkable rise foreign trade with rising global product prices. Strength of Australia can be taken as an exporter of natural resources (mine), energy (coal), and food (agriculture). Australias rich and diverse natural resources fascinate global investment in high level. Major investments are in AOL, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. Continuous and major investments, apron. IIS$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, meaningfully expand this sector. Australia considered to be an open market with fewer restrictions on trade of goods and services has enormously increased productivity, enthused growth, has made the economy significantly flexible and dynamic. Australia has mutual free trade treaties with Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and US. It also has very warm relation with commonwealth countries and exchanging agreements with China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, which are near and contributing countries in Economic growth. Australias economy is well developed and is currently ranked 13th in a GAP-based ranking of the worlds largest economies according to (Investigated, 2014). The International Monetary Fund estimates Australias 2010 GAP at 1. 22 trillion U. S. Dollars. Australias economy has been rising progressively at around 3%/annum for the last two decades. Australia has managed to maintain a positive GAP growth rate during the global financial recess, where almost the entire worlds biggest economies fallen into financial crises. However Australias unemployment rate was lightly increased during that period, still being stable at a reasonable rate of 5. 2% in 2010 in a comparison to 9. 6% of United States (Monasteries, 2014). Australia slowly accelerates the pace of its economic growth in the coming years. Survey shows that the GAP of Australia grew by 2. % in 2013 which consistent with last years growth rate and is forefront in developed economies. (Gestures, E. 2014) Record low interest rates finally make impacts on Australias economy. Because of low interest, it boosted house prices and household wealth, and stimulate the recovery of housing instruction and consumer spending. (Heath, M. 2014) The fast population growth enhanced the speed of GAP (more input of labors means more outputs). However, there is no evidence illustrate that it improves the per capita GAP of Australia. In fact, since 2007, there is little growth in per capita GAP. In other words, although it brings economic growth, the existing national welfare has not been improved. (Cowmen, T. 2008) USA USA being a largest and economically powerful country in the world is technically privately owned where state or federal government are the buyers of this private market. Its per capita GAP is $49800 according to Monasteries (2014). More flexible market than other European nations and Japan, for expansion, investments, and development of new product are its strength. Major strength of USA are technology, computers in Medical science, aerospace, service business, military technology has shrunken but still they rule the top most position with its gradual and steady growth. However the pay rise is always an issue in USA. Basic household income, house prices, oil prices and dividends are increased faster than expected, as a result closing down of business hiked between 2006 and 2008. The closure of business and banks started an economic crisis as falling home prices, tight credit, investment failures which further pushed down into recession by 2008. Along with GAP was unbelievably the deepest low and stayed for longest. US congress planned to form a trust with $700 Billion fund (TARP) to buy equity in US banks, and industries which gave quick return y 2011. Obama Government with previous body, agreed to add $787 billion for economy recovery, creating Jobs over 10 years (Monasteries, 2014). After the military action called off from Iraq and Afghanistan and around the world, added mom value in economic growth. With visionary strategy of Federal Reserve board aided good achievement which, as a result showed a positive effect in unemployment decrease. Though some major issues like benefits for lower-income families, insufficient investment in weakening infrastructure, fast rising medical and pension costs, energy crisis, and budget shortages including significant budget shortages for state governments has to be addressed to take a leap in economic growth in future. INDIA India is considered to be new open and fast growing market in the world after China. Prevarication in state owned enterprises, private investments in major industries, liberal measures in industry and good control over foreign trade starts two decades before accelerated the countrys economic growth. Diversity in economy incorporates traditional farming and agriculture, handicrafts, modern industries (mainly IT and telecommunication), where agriculture has highest work force however services is the major source of economic growth. India has made its English speaking well educated population as strength forming major source of Business outsourcing in IT (software) and Accounting (The Statistics Portal India, 2014). India roost these two major industries by 2010, however slowing down were in 2011 as government decreased its investments due to global crisis. This leaded to worsening in economy but from 2012, Indian government formed major strategy focusing on major population which is young, well-educated and visionary. Taking this as an advantage direct investments plans, global business integration, low dependency ratio, high savings played a vital role to accelerate the economy to new direction. India being an autocratic system in past now started working in root level addressing some prominent issues and halogens like, corruption, violence, poverty, discrimination against girls, family health are still in progress. Furthermore if higher enforcement in transport, higher education, infrastructure development, internal migration, non-agricultural based workforce is addressed the future has very wide range of development. Economic Growth Australia was comparatively least affected by the 2008 Recession as the inflation is under control and the banking system has remained strong (Index Mind 2014). It reached 2. 49 and 1. 37 per cent growth rates in terms of real GAP in 2008 and 2009 especially, comparing to USA where its growth rate plummeted down to negative values.. The contributions of Australias economic growth are profusion of raw materials, the Australian mining success, high commodity prices and large exports to developing countries like China (The statistics Portal, 2014). Down Under is an open market with fewer restrictions on imports of goods and services. This has increased stimulated growth, productivity, and made the economy more dynamic and flexible. The country plays an important role in the World Trade Organization, the 620, APACE, ND other trade forums The National Accounts and the Bureau of Statistics show Australias economy grew by 3. Per cent over the current year to March. Craig James, Comes chief economist, pointed out that the country is it its 23rd consecutive year of economic growth this year, that the Australian economy is doing very well. The economy grows above its normal pace because of interest rates are at historic lows, inflation is under control, exports, productivity is strong and home constructions and, 2014). Th is line graph shows the growth of GAP in Australia from 1999 to 2011. This graph shows the growth rate of Australias real GAP from 2003 to 2013. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP: $1. 5 trillion on 2013) United States of Americas Economic Growth USA has the worlds largest single economy. It has most diversified and advanced economies in the world.. It has a stable GAP growth rate and high levels of capital investment. Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, leasing, health care, social assistance, professional, business and educational services account for more than 40% of GAP. Retail and wholesale trade have a share of 12%. Government related services contribute 13% of GAP. Utilities, transportation and warehousing and information account for 10% of the GAP. Manufacturing, mining, and construction constitute 17% and Agriculture accounts for only 1. 5% of the GAP, yet due to use of advance technologies, the United States is a net exporter of food (Trading Economics, 2014). United States faced worst recession in 2008 wherein GAP fell by 5% in a year. It was caused by the supreme mortgage crisis, derivatives market and declining dollar value (Boundless, 2014). In 2012, the real GAP increased by 2. 8%. The slowing government expenditure and a decline in exports that were partly offset by the cline of imports and hastening in non-residential fixed investments (The Statistics portal, 2014). This graph shows the Growth of GAP from 2006 to 2014. In 2009, the GAP was recorded as negative. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP : $16. 6 trillion on 2013) and $17. 23 trillion ( in 2014) Indians Economic Growth Even with the world-wide recession in 2008 and 2009, India still succeeded to record remarkable GAP growth rates, especially when most of the countries noted negative growth. Indians workforce is expanding in the industry and services sectors and the agriculture sector in India is still a global power. According to Indians Planning Commission, rapid economic growth has resulted in decline in the poverty rate from 37. 2% in 2005 to 29. 8% in 2010. Per capita income doubled during these five years. Internationally, India has also become an important actor. Forming the I in the BRICKS group of nations, India plays a very important part in the leadership of the emerging markets and developing nations. In 2010, a growth of 8% was seen in Indian economy; however, it started declining in 2011 because of waning of investment caused by investor pessimism about the economic reforms of the government and global situation (Index mind, 2014). In late 2012, Indian Government announced reforms and measures to reverse Indians slowdown, which included higher levels of direct foreign investment in the economy. The outlook for Indians growth is positive because of young population and comparative low dependency ratio, increasing integration into the global economy, and healthy savings and investment rates. Indians growth strategy actually holds lessons for developing nations. Recent years have witnessed a shift of economic power and attention to strengthening economies of BRICE countries. The growth rate of GAP in these countries is larger than in rotationally strong economies like United States of America. This line graph shows the growth of GAP from 1999 to 2011. This graph shows the Real growth rate from 2004 to 2014. It is evident that it was growing till 2007, then experienced a decline in 2008-09 and again rose in 2010. After 2012, because of the reforms and measures taken by government, the economy is now growing. Source: wry. Satanist. Com GAP : $1. 87 trillion( 2013) Effects of Economic Growth on the Society in Australia, USA and India Economic broad paths, each business cycles display all the phases of cycle, its characteristic fifer from one to another cycle. Benefits of the economic growth: Higher real income per capita living standard can be realized due to increase in productivity resource used. Higher real income raises the purchasing power thus living standard through improvement in material welfare. Higher level of the economic growth encourages higher level of saving. Higher level of economic growths tend in leading to increase level of productivity technological progresses since resource are been used efficiently as producer cut costs innovate with rising demands for goods services. Higher rate economic growth which result in employment creations falling unemployment level also lead to higher income for previously unemployed. The Growth can create many opportunities for the underemployed worker. Economic growth, that generate higher GAP, leads to increase in taxation revenues for government. Government use taxation revenues to provide economic social infrastructure to fund social security systems for provision of the welfare payment. Higher level of the economic growth may contribute new business investments. New investments opportunities in the source projects capital equipment may results from the higher sustain economic growth. It involves increase in real outputs, which may export. Export incomes can be used in financing imports of the capital consumer item. The gain from trades includes higher living standard. A nation that high rate of the economic growth more likely as to able in reducing extent of the absolute povertys. Economic growth permit improvements in the social welfare including: Benefit to personal lifestyle from the greater real incomes. Reduction in the class hostility. More leisure time workers can trade off as for the extra work in income rise. It enables Australian to use the leisure time, develop new industries. United States of America United States has the most technologically and diversified advanced economy in todays world. Insurance, Finance, rental, real estate, leasing, social assistance, health care, professional, educational business services accounts for much more than 40% of GAP. Wholesale and Retail trade create another 12% of wealth. The governments related service fuel 13% of GAP. Transportation,utilities and warehousing for 10% of GAP. Mining, Manufacturing and construction constitutes% of the outputs. Gordon, 1998) Agriculture account for 1. 5% of GAP, due to the use of the advance technologies, United States is net exporters of food. United State GAP minimize / shrank at annual rate 1. 0% in first quarter(2014), According to second estimate by commerce Department In these three years it was the worst performance estimated 0. 1%. This happened due to sharp fall in the inventory investment biggest trade deficit. Therefore downturn in percent changes in GAP primarily is reflected downturn in the fixed investments in the state local governments spending were partly offset and upturn in the spending of federal government. (Gordon, 1998) Society is divided into 3 parts. 1 . The Wealthy Mostly rely on the domestic help as for shopping grocery, buy all kind of staples prefer in buying fresh vegetables food locally from small grocers vendors, other product from the general merchant. 2. The Poor Purchase basic staples on first day every month other staple they can afford daily later purchase more merchandises on the credit. Single use package sales are frequent. 3. The Middlemans Divide purchasing habit and majority shop on own at their favorite coal shops where concern about quality of lower priced product were critical. The concern of increasing gap between the rich the poor is shown in shopping habits. The outlooks for food retails landscape is also increasing daily and it restrict people of the lower classes to afford accept changes brought through globalization. There are positive negative aspect to India economic trade policies in global markets. The gap in between the riches the poorer in nation is been seen to expand significantly since the new economic initiative open new global market, specifically in food retails industry. So At same time, the political changes had hampered sum international corporate effort within domestic sphere which traditionally protected from the foreign interest. India is also seen to realize its potential as in global economy and in term of growth, and there is some gap in between reality and potential. Many people still within out of Indian government predicts that rates of the economic financial growth will improve in the future eventually rises number of individual who can also be considered as the potentials in helping the growth of food retails landscapes of India. Conclusion Australia, USA and India have their own strengths that help them grow economically. Sectors like services, agriculture, finance and manufacturing give a big impact on the growth of a countrys economy. But in a business cycle where there is a financial crisis or recession, there are countries like Australia and India that displays their stability and are less impacted with the crisis. And with the ups and downs of the economy, the people in the society are the one who are greatly affected. To minimize the negative impact of such crises, a country should prepare very well based on satirical records of their economy.

The Civil Rights essays

The Civil Rights essays The Civil Rights and Black Liberation Movement The Civil Rights and Black Liberation Movements of the 50s and 60s spawned several organizations that reflected various social moods and attitudes. Though all of the organizations/movements outlined in this paper shared the common goal of racial equality for African Americans, their platforms, organizational structure, and relationships to the community at large differed greatly. The popularity of a particular organization or aspect of the movement seemed to be greatly influenced by the environment and moods of the African-American community in that particular environment. In the industrialized North, where racism was more systematic and covert, African-Americans tended to embrace more extreme ideologies for resistance such as rioting, separatism, and self-defense; while in the agricultural South, where racism was more overt and often deadly (Jim Crow laws and KKK terrorism), African Americans seemed to embrace more passive forms of resistance such as marches, sit-ins, and boycotts. In this paper, we will examine civil rights/black liberation organizations, their similarities and differences, and how the collective behaviors of their membership were directly related to the social climate of the time. In southern states, African-Americans had experienced a great deal of racial violence since the end of the Civil War. By the 1950s, Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Tennessee, and other southern states had literally witnessed (and in some case endorsed) the lynching of thousands of African-Americans. Church bombings, voter terrorism, and cross burning were the normal consequence for many blacks who were simply attempting to exercise basic human rights. In time, many blacks grew to fear the system that when challenged, could certainly mean death for whoever would be the voice of dissent. Despite this hostility, however, the African American community continued to resist racism. M...

Contracting Method and Award Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contracting Method and Award - Assignment Example The United States General Accounting Office (2003) provides that the method used to bid is the Invitation For Bid (IFB) which includes the product description or description of service required, conditions of purchase, payment, packaging, delivery, the deadline for bid submission, as well as the contractual clauses. The bids are opened at the purchasing office at a time predetermined in the invitation for bid and recorded. The lowest bidder who can meet the requirements of the government gets the contract. It is noteworthy that sealed bidding puts primary consideration on the bid price. Whereas contracting by negotiation allows flexibility in the award of the contract and does not place a lot of emphasis on price but puts into consideration other factors such as past performance, managerial experience or technical approach. The government offers a Request For proposal (RFP) in which the government requests a service or product it requires and solicits proposals from the prospective c ontractors and how these contractors intend to execute the requests and the price attached. Unlike the other contract methods, these proposals are subject to negotiations after submissions. Best uses for the contract methods. The government uses contracting by negotiation where the contract exceeds $ 100,000 and that the product or service required necessitates a high level of technicality. This procedure is employed when the best value of the service or goods are expected from the selection of officially acceptable proposals in regard to the lowest evaluated price. In essence, this implies that the cost of the contract does not play a pivotal role in the evaluation process. The simplified acquisition procedure best suits situations where the government aims to reduce administrative cost associated with the contracting process. This method promotes economy and efficiency in the contracting process. Additionally the simplified procedure puts into consideration the provision of opport unities to small, disadvantaged, veteran owned and women owned businesses with an aim of providing a fair proportion of government contracts to these businesses. According to Kenneth & Philip (2006) sealed bidding becomes useful in a situation where the government expects competition from various contractors and it has provided an adequate description of the contract. The procedure requires time to issue invitations for bids as well as to receive these bids; therefore, it implies that the procedure can only be used where the government has time for this. It is also noteworthy that this procedure does not require contemplation of price and only the lowest bidder wins the contract. In this regard, the procedure best suits situations where the government aims for the lowest price. If the government uses the improper contracting method, the cost incurred in the contracting process may unnecessarily increase this is so especially, where the simplified acquisition procedure is disregarded . In situations where the requirements are technical, and the negotiated procedure is not used this may result in substandard contract outcomes. Steps in choosing proper contracting methods. In order to determine the best procedure to use in the contracting process by the government, it is critical to put into consideration some factors. Key among these factors is the requirements of the service

Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Description - Essay Example Hemoglobin, found in the red blood cells has the primary function of transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and then transporting CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs. Deoxyhemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that has a higher affinity form CO2. CO2 to hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin molecule. The process is reversible thus when it reaches the lungs, the CO2 dissociates freely from the hemoglobin and expelled from the body. This mechanism accounts for about ten percent of the CO2. CO2 diffuses into red blood cells where Carbonic anhydrase in the RBC quickly converts the CO2 into carbonic acid that is an unstable molecule.CA dissociates fast into bicarbonates ions and hydrogen ions which bind to hemoglobin. The bicarbonate ions formed is transported out of the RBC into the blood liquid component in exchange for a chloride ion. Upon the blood reaching the lungs, the bicarbonate ion is transported back into the RBC in exchange for chloride ion. The hydrogen ions dissociate from the hemoglobin and binds to the bicarbonate ion, producing carbonic acid, that through the enzymatic action of CA is converted back into CO2. The CO2 produced is expelled through exhalation by the

Cognitive Biases and Strategic Decision Processes Assignment

Cognitive Biases and Strategic Decision Processes - Assignment Example The actions did or applied to this mode require the compression of larger problems into smaller ones that can be managed easily. For example, A Bata Shoe sales manager will solve the problem of reduced sales by first vetting the branch supervisors and thereby motivating the salesmen etc. which are easier tasks to accomplish but will affect the end result. The avoidance mode, on the other hand, entails the outlining of the strategic decision-making process with the aim of impressing authority. The main aim is to maintain the status quo and avoid change. Basically, the avoidance mode applies the use of elaborate recognition of new problems that would render any new changes unnecessary. It is the finding of the problem that kills the change necessitating problem. For example, instead of a Walmart manager hiring more sales assistants, he will look at the existing staff and identify employees who are under-tasked so as to prevent the decision of hiring new workers. When the manager is solely focused on maintaining the status quo, they are more likely to be exposed to limited alternatives.  

Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning Essay Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning Classical conditioning is about pairing a stimulus with another stimulus that cause a natural reaction. As a good example of Pavlov’s dog meat powder experiment, the dog meat powder and dog salivating is unconditional reponse which naturally occurred. However, if a dog was given a meat powder after the bell ring, eventually the dog will salivate whenever bell rings even if there are no meat powder, meaning, by pairing the two stimulus the desired behavior will be evoked without the unconditional stimulus which originally used. Operant conditioning is encouraging a particular behavior by positive reinforcers such as rewards or sometimes by punishment. The marketers use this conditioning to attract consumers and as well as keeping them satisfied. Consumers feel that they are compensated and gained extra value when they are given some kind of rewards. By applying operant conditioning technique, the person, company or the source selling the product or service are getting their desired benefit but also consumers sometimes feel it is win-win situation. The main difference between the Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning is that, with operant conditioning, the consumers must be passive and participate and act in some way to achieve desired behavior where in classical conditioning, the behavior is elicited by natural unconditional response. Shaping is process of altering desired behavior over time. By instrumental conditioning, this behavior can be achieved from offering small reward to a larger reward and gradually the consumer will behave as planned by a markters. In a Starcity casino in Sydney, they are applying instrumental conditioning on their marketing strategy. They provide consumers with various levels of membership cards, meaning if casino customers spend more time their level of card will be promoted to a next level. First membership starts with blue card, then silver, gold and if one spends more than 1000 hours, he or she will be rewarded with Sovereign card. Different levels of rewards and offers are given to each card levels. For example, if you receive a blue card in the beginning, you will receive a free buffet ticket every week by post. The buffet entrance is right next to the casino  entrance, this way there are big chance that consumers will visit the casino in some point as they are exposed continuously to the casino. And with the sovereign card, if you sit and play at the casino for just 3 hours, you will get a free hotel room for a night at Starcity. The casino shapes their customers by giving variety and different levels of rewards. This is very effective in attracting consumers and making them the end-user/customer to the business. Classical conditioning – Pairing the two stimuli, to make reponse. Clothing(conditional) with sexual image(unconditional), = (wear this clothes and you can hook girls) PAVLOV dog with meat(unconditional) and bell(conditional) = (hear the bell and that’s when you get the meat) , Conditioned stimulus – Does not occur naturally but must do(pairing unconditioned stimulus) Unconditioned stimulus – Response that occurs naturally - Unconditioned response conditioned stimulus is bell ring paired with meat powder but later on, the response was made unconditionally after bell rang. EG Psychologically, woman seek for men who can satisfy or fulfill their needs of, shelter, food, safety and social belongings. When they meet a men, they look if he is financially stable. One specific element that she will look for could be a nice car. If he has Porsche kind of nice expensive cars, there is big possiblility that this men can take care of the women. In men’s implicit memory, there is something like purchase a nice car and you can attract nice woman. Therefore men desire and trying to buy a nice sport car is becoming unconditional response. If someone buys a nice shirt or uses perfume and more women are attracted, he will use Instrumental (operant) ConditioningSKINNER Behavior is conditioned with reinforcement, do. Rewards. Behave - gets reward Discriminative stimuli – Presence of reinforce needed. Reward will occur if type of behavior is made.(if you do this, you will get reward) (shop at store and get 10% discount) (online 10% cheaper and etc) STARCITY MEMBERS 3hours play and receive free parking. 5hours free rooms EG become a starcity member and get half discount on garden buffet. Casino membership - discount ticket used to elicit desired purchase(people coming to casino or exposed to casino environment more often making them it looks more familiar) Through classical conditioning, the dogs â€Å"learned† to respond to the bell instead of the meat powder by salivating. Today, advertisers use sexual or intimate imagery to create unintentional learning. Shaping – planning making strategy to catch a bigger fish. Desired behavior is altered over time in small increment. Making the small rewards, to achieve other behavior. Punisher – children gets punished, or by making poor decision, consumers get the products delivered wrongly, and they learn, Negative reinforcers - focusing bad outcomes for not using their product Extinction - if reinforcers are not made after the behavior, consumers are not likely to return